Louis XI extends power, the threat of the powerful Burgundian state looms...
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Charles VIII (late 1400's ) inherits crown from father, engages in futile struggle with the Habsburgs for control of the Italian Peninsula, also begins sale of offices, which will bloat the French aristocracy and obstruct taxing of titled nobles
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Francis I (early 1500's) gains control of French Church, this and a system of Roman law strengthens and centralizes royal power in France
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Henry II (mid 1500's) son of Francis I. Reformation is a force for national for national disunity. Italian wars for the peninsula finally end in defeat.
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Civil War in France between Calvinist Bourbons and Catholic Guises, Henry II’s widow Catherine de Medici switched sides constantly. Bourbon Henry of Navarre finally inherits the throne and is crowned Henry IV (mid 1500's -1600) converts to Catholicism anyway when he assumes the throne.
Spain:
Isabella, future queen of Castile, marries Ferdinand, future king of Sicily and heir to Aragon's throne. (1469-early 1500's) The two unify Spain and stage various campaigns to achieve stability, peace, and relig. unity, also establish regional councils.
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Daughter Joanna is married to Archduke Philip of Austria (Habsburg family), they the men. produce a son, Charles V (early to mid 1500's) Holy Roman Emperor, Austrian and Spanish territory consolidated, Spanish wealth is sapped in the Habsburg's constant defensive wars, uneven taxation and distribution of wealth in Spanish territories leads to bankruptcy.
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Philip II of Spain (mid 1500s-1600) declares bankruptcy. Catholic leaders whose chief concern is Catholic victory over Muslims and Protestants. Attempts to prevent Protestant Henry IV from assuming the French throne. Dutch sailors in Spanish Netherlands ("United Provinces) rebel against Catholic oppression. Infuriated by Elizabeth’s assistance to rebels, sends Armada to invade England. This attack fails and permanently weakens Spain’s influence. Twenty year truce established between Spain and the Netherlands.
England:
Henry VIII (early-mid 1500's), breaks with Catholic church when it will not condone his divorce from Catherine of Aragon
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Son Edward rules briefly as a minor before daughter Mary, born of Catherine assumes the throne, reestablishes Catholicism sending subjects into exile and inspiring two revolts. (mid 1500's)
| Elizabeth, Henry's daughter w. Anne Boleyn seizes power and has Mary executed. She restores Protestantism, tolerates religious dissent. Aids Dutch Protestants in the Spanish Netherlands in their struggle against Spain’s religious oppression. (mid 1500’s-1600)>will be succeeded by Scottish King James Stuart in 1603. After the Armada Britain plays a relatively small role in European conflicts.
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James Stuart (early to mid-1600’s) would be succeeded by son Charles I, executed during the English Revolution. Oliver Cromwell, a revolutionary leader assumed the throne. Cromwell’s son is ousted and Charles II (son of Charles I) returns from exile in France. He in turn is forced to flee Britain when William and Mary arrive to claim the throne. They do so without violence and their ascent to power is sometimes termed "the Glorious Revolution" for this reason.
Thirty Years War (Last Great Religious Conflict):
So Habsburg Emperor Rudolf promised relig. tolerance in kingdom Bohemia. Devoted Catholic cousin Ferdinand succeeds to the throne and does not honor Rudolf’s promise. Bohemians rebel in 1618 and replace Ferdinand with Frederick II. Ferdinand borrows the army of Maximilian of Bavaria to crush the rebellion in his own country. Catholics triumphant. Then…the twenty year truce between the Spaniards and the Dutch expires in 1621. Albrecht von Wallenstein, a Bohemian nobleman, aids in Ferdinand’s campaign for Christianity by using military force to impose Christianity on the Dutch in the Spanish Netherlands. Ferdinand issues Edict of Restitution, declaring that all previously Catholic lands be made Catholic again. The Dutch force the dismissal of Wallenstein by threatening to keep Ferdinand’s son from succession. Although Henry IV is Catholic, he joins the Dutch cause to undermine Habsburg authority. He allies with Swedish Gustavus Adolphus and invades the HRE in 1630. Ferdinand recalls Wallenstein for protection against invaders. After the Swedes defeat Habsburg forces, Ferdinand is forced to have Wallenstein assassinated. Protestants triumphant. HRE is forced into peace treaty: Edict of Restitution is revoked, amnesty granted to Frederick II. Despite this, in 1635 the French declare war on Ferdinand. Thirteen years of conflict ensued between HRE and France and Sweden, but religion is no longer the basis. Peace of Westphalia establishes separate nations and the concept of diplomacy and international affairs is introduced.
Emerging from 100 Years War...
France:
Louis XI extends power, the threat of the powerful Burgundian state looms...|
Charles VIII (late 1400's ) inherits crown from father, engages in futile struggle with the Habsburgs for control of the Italian Peninsula, also begins sale of offices, which will bloat the French aristocracy and obstruct taxing of titled nobles
|
Francis I (early 1500's) gains control of French Church, this and a system of Roman law strengthens and centralizes royal power in France
|
Henry II (mid 1500's) son of Francis I. Reformation is a force for national for national disunity. Italian wars for the peninsula finally end in defeat.
|
Civil War in France between Calvinist Bourbons and Catholic Guises, Henry II’s widow Catherine de Medici switched sides constantly. Bourbon Henry of Navarre finally inherits the throne and is crowned Henry IV (mid 1500's -1600) converts to Catholicism anyway when he assumes the throne.
Spain:
Isabella, future queen of Castile, marries Ferdinand, future king of Sicily and heir to Aragon's throne. (1469-early 1500's) The two unify Spain and stage various campaigns to achieve stability, peace, and relig. unity, also establish regional councils.|
Daughter Joanna is married to Archduke Philip of Austria (Habsburg family), they the men. produce a son, Charles V (early to mid 1500's) Holy Roman Emperor, Austrian and Spanish territory consolidated, Spanish wealth is sapped in the Habsburg's constant defensive wars, uneven taxation and distribution of wealth in Spanish territories leads to bankruptcy.
|
Philip II of Spain (mid 1500s-1600) declares bankruptcy. Catholic leaders whose chief concern is Catholic victory over Muslims and Protestants. Attempts to prevent Protestant Henry IV from assuming the French throne. Dutch sailors in Spanish Netherlands ("United Provinces) rebel against Catholic oppression. Infuriated by Elizabeth’s assistance to rebels, sends Armada to invade England. This attack fails and permanently weakens Spain’s influence. Twenty year truce established between Spain and the Netherlands.
England:
Henry VIII (early-mid 1500's), breaks with Catholic church when it will not condone his divorce from Catherine of Aragon|
Son Edward rules briefly as a minor before daughter Mary, born of Catherine assumes the throne, reestablishes Catholicism sending subjects into exile and inspiring two revolts. (mid 1500's)
|
Elizabeth, Henry's daughter w. Anne Boleyn seizes power and has Mary executed. She restores Protestantism, tolerates religious dissent. Aids Dutch Protestants in the Spanish Netherlands in their struggle against Spain’s religious oppression. (mid 1500’s-1600)>will be succeeded by Scottish King James Stuart in 1603. After the Armada Britain plays a relatively small role in European conflicts.
|
James Stuart (early to mid-1600’s) would be succeeded by son Charles I, executed during the English Revolution. Oliver Cromwell, a revolutionary leader assumed the throne. Cromwell’s son is ousted and Charles II (son of Charles I) returns from exile in France. He in turn is forced to flee Britain when William and Mary arrive to claim the throne. They do so without violence and their ascent to power is sometimes termed "the Glorious Revolution" for this reason.
Thirty Years War (Last Great Religious Conflict):
So Habsburg Emperor Rudolf promised relig. tolerance in kingdom Bohemia. Devoted Catholic cousin Ferdinand succeeds to the throne and does not honor Rudolf’s promise. Bohemians rebel in 1618 and replace Ferdinand with Frederick II. Ferdinand borrows the army of Maximilian of Bavaria to crush the rebellion in his own country. Catholics triumphant. Then…the twenty year truce between the Spaniards and the Dutch expires in 1621. Albrecht von Wallenstein, a Bohemian nobleman, aids in Ferdinand’s campaign for Christianity by using military force to impose Christianity on the Dutch in the Spanish Netherlands. Ferdinand issues Edict of Restitution, declaring that all previously Catholic lands be made Catholic again. The Dutch force the dismissal of Wallenstein by threatening to keep Ferdinand’s son from succession. Although Henry IV is Catholic, he joins the Dutch cause to undermine Habsburg authority. He allies with Swedish Gustavus Adolphus and invades the HRE in 1630. Ferdinand recalls Wallenstein for protection against invaders. After the Swedes defeat Habsburg forces, Ferdinand is forced to have Wallenstein assassinated. Protestants triumphant. HRE is forced into peace treaty: Edict of Restitution is revoked, amnesty granted to Frederick II. Despite this, in 1635 the French declare war on Ferdinand. Thirteen years of conflict ensued between HRE and France and Sweden, but religion is no longer the basis. Peace of Westphalia establishes separate nations and the concept of diplomacy and international affairs is introduced.